Serbia

Code: RI | Region: Europe

Introduction

Background

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In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. The monarchy remained in power until 1945, when the communist Partisans headed by Josip Broz (aka TITO) took control of the newly created Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). After TITO died in 1980, communism in Yugoslavia gradually gave way to resurgent nationalism. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia, and his calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in 1992, and MILOSEVIC led military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." These actions ultimately failed, and international intervention led to the signing of the Dayton Accords in 1995. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo resulted in a brutal Serbian counterinsurgency campaign. Serbia rejected a proposed international settlement, and NATO responded with a bombing campaign that forced Serbian forces to withdraw from Kosovo in June 1999. In 2003, the FRY became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. In 2006, Montenegro seceded and declared itself an independent nation. In 2008, Kosovo also declared independence -- an action Serbia still refuses to recognize. In 2013, Serbia and Kosovo signed the first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations between the two countries. Additional agreements were reached in 2015 and 2023, but implementation remains incomplete. Serbia has been an official candidate for EU membership since 2012, and President Aleksandar VUCIC has promoted the ambitious goal of Serbia joining the EU by 2025.

Geography

Location

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Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary

Geographic coordinates

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44 00 N, 21 00 E

Map references

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Europe

Area

total

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77,474 sq km

land

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77,474 sq km

water

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0 sq km

Area - comparative

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slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries

total

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2,322 km

border countries

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Bosnia and Herzegovina 345 km; Bulgaria 344 km; Croatia 314 km; Hungary 164 km; Kosovo 366 km; North Macedonia 101 km; Montenegro 157 km; Romania 531 km

Coastline

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0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims

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none (landlocked)

Climate

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in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

Terrain

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extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills

Elevation

highest point

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Midzor 2,169 m

lowest point

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Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m

mean elevation

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442 m

Natural resources

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oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land

Land use

agricultural land

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40.4% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

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arable land: 31% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

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permanent crops: 2.5% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

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permanent pasture: 6.6% (2023 est.)

forest

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40.4% (2023 est.)

other

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27.2% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land

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550 sq km (2022)

Major rivers (by length in km)

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Dunav (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage

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(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Population distribution

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a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Natural hazards

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destructive earthquakes

Geography - note

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landlocked; controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East

People and Society

Population

total

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6,652,212 (2024 est.)

male

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3,242,751

female

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3,409,461

Nationality

noun

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Serb(s)

adjective

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Serbian

Ethnic groups

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Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romani 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)

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note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Serbia's population

Languages

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Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romani 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8% (2011 est.)

major-language sample(s)

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Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

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note: Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Ruthenian (Rusyn) are official in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina; most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census

Religions

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Serbian Orthodox 81.1%, unknown 5.3%, Islam 4.2%, Catholic 3.9%, no response 2.5%, atheist 1.1%; less than 1%: other Christians, Protestant, agnostic (2022)

Age structure

0-14 years

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14.4% (male 492,963/female 463,995)

15-64 years

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65.6% (male 2,198,591/female 2,168,113)

65 years and over

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20% (2024 est.) (male 551,197/female 777,353)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio

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52.3 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio

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21.9 (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

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30.4 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio

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3.3 (2024 est.)

Median age

total

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44.1 years (2025 est.)

male

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42.4 years

female

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45.4 years

Population growth rate

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-0.6% (2025 est.)

Birth rate

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8.72 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

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14.66 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Net migration rate

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0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Population distribution

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a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Urbanization

urban population

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57.1% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization

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0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

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note: data include Kosovo

Major urban areas - population

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1.408 million BELGRADE (capital) (2023)

Sex ratio

at birth

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1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years

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1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years

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1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over

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0.71 male(s)/female

total population

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0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

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28.2 years (2020 est.)

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note: data does not cover Kosovo or Metohija

Maternal mortality ratio

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11 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total

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4.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

male

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5.1 deaths/1,000 live births

female

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3.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth

total population

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75.3 years (2024 est.)

male

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72.7 years

female

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78.1 years

Total fertility rate

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1.47 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

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0.71 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban

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urban: 95.4% of population (2022 est.)

improved: rural

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rural: 96.1% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

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total: 95.7% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

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urban: 4.6% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

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rural: 3.9% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

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total: 4.3% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

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10% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

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13.7% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density

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3.1 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Hospital bed density

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5.4 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban

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urban: 99.7% of population (2022 est.)

improved: rural

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rural: 95.6% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

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total: 97.9% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

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urban: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

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rural: 4.4% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

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total: 2.1% of population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

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21.5% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total

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7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer

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3.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

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1.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

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2.37 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

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0.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use

total

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36% (2025 est.)

male

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37.8% (2025 est.)

female

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34.5% (2025 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

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1% (2019 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

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54.3% (2022 est.)

Child marriage

women married by age 15

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1.2% (2019)

women married by age 18

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5.5% (2019)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)

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3.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

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8.4% national budget (2023 est.)

Literacy

total population

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99.3% (2022 est.)

male

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99.6% (2022 est.)

female

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99.1% (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total

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15 years (2022 est.)

male

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14 years (2022 est.)

female

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16 years (2022 est.)

Environment

Environmental issues

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air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes in rivers; inadequate management of domestic, industrial, and hazardous waste

International environmental agreements

party to

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Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

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none of the selected agreements

Climate

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Land use

agricultural land

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40.4% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

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arable land: 31% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

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permanent crops: 2.5% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

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permanent pasture: 6.6% (2023 est.)

forest

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40.4% (2023 est.)

other

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27.2% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

urban population

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57.1% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization

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0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

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note: data include Kosovo

Carbon dioxide emissions

total emissions

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44.782 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke

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27.743 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

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11.665 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas

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5.374 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

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21.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

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2.347 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

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1% (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

municipal

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702 million cubic meters (2022)

industrial

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3.967 billion cubic meters (2022)

agricultural

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422 million cubic meters (2022)

Total renewable water resources

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162.2 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

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note: data includes Kosovo

Geoparks

total global geoparks and regional networks

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global geoparks and regional networks

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Djerdap (2023)

Government

Country name

conventional long form

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Republic of Serbia

conventional short form

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Serbia

local long form

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Republika Srbija

local short form

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Srbija

former

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People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia

etymology

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the country takes its name from the Serb people; the origin of their name is unclear but may derive from the Caucasian root word ser, meaning "man"

Government type

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parliamentary republic

Capital

name

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Belgrade (Beograd)

geographic coordinates

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44 50 N, 20 30 E

time difference

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UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time

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+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

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the name comes from the Serbian words beo (white) and grad (city); it probably referred to the white stone of the city fortress

Administrative divisions

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117 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 28 cities (gradovi, singular - grad) municipalities: Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada cities: Beograd (Belgrade), Bor, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Prokuplje, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac*, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*

note

note: the northern 37 municipalities and 8 cities -- about 28% of Serbia's area -- compose the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and are indicated with an asterisk

Legal system

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civil law system

Constitution

history

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many previous; latest adopted 30 September 2006, approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, effective 8 November 2006

amendment process

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proposed by at least one third of deputies in the National Assembly, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition of at least 150,000 voters; passage of proposals and draft amendments each requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly; amendments to constitutional articles including the preamble, constitutional principles, and human and minority rights and freedoms also require passage by simple majority vote in a referendum

International law organization participation

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has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

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citizenship by descent only

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at least one parent must be a citizen of Serbia

dual citizenship recognized

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yes

residency requirement for naturalization

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3 years

Suffrage

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18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Executive branch

chief of state

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President Aleksandar VUCIC (since 31 May 2017)

head of government

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Prime Minister Djuro MACUT (since 16 April 2025)

cabinet

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Cabinet elected by the National Assembly

election/appointment process

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president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister elected by the National Assembly

most recent election date

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17 December 2023

election results

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2022: Aleksandar VUCIC reelected in first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 60%, Zdravko PONOS (US) 18.9%, Milos JOVANOVIC (NADA) 6.1%, Bosko OBRADOVIC (Dveri-POKS) 4.5%, Milica DJURDJEVIC STAMENKOVSKI (SSZ) 4.3%, other 6.2% 2017: Aleksandar VUCIC elected president in first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 55.1%, Sasa JANKOVIC (independent) 16.4%, Luka MAKSIMOVIC (independent) 9.4%, Vuk JEREMIC (independent) 5.7%, Vojislav SESELJ (SRS) 4.5%, other 7.3%, invalid/blank 1.6%; Prime Minister Ana BRNABIC reelected by the National Assembly on 5 October 2020; National Assembly vote - NA

expected date of next election

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2028

Legislative branch

legislature name

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National Assembly (Narodna skupstina)

legislative structure

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unicameral

number of seats

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250 (all directly elected)

electoral system

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proportional representation

scope of elections

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full renewal

term in office

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4 years

most recent election date

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12/17/2023

parties elected and seats per party

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Aleksandar Vucic – Serbia Must Not Stop (129); Serbia Against Violence (65); Ivica Dacic - Prime Minister of Serbia (18); Dr Miloš Jovanović - Hope for Serbia (13); We – Voice of the People, Prof. Dr. Branimir Nestorovic (13); Other (12)

percentage of women in chamber

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37.2%

expected date of next election

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December 2027

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

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Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of 36 judges, including the court president); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)

judge selection and term of office

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Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member independent body consisting of  8 judges elected by the National Assembly and 3 ex-officio members; justices appointed by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges elected - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; initial appointment of Supreme Court judges by the HJC is 3 years and beyond that period tenure is permanent; Constitutional Court judges elected for 9-year terms

subordinate courts

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basic courts, higher courts, appellate courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, commercial courts, and misdemeanor courts

Political parties

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Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM or VMSZ Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina or DSHV Democratic Party or DS Ecological Uprising or EU Green - Left Front or ZLF Greens of Serbia or ZS Justice and Reconciliation Party or SPP (formerly Bosniak Democratic Union of Sandzak or BDZS) Movement for Reversal or PZP Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia or POKS Movement of Free Citizens or PSG Movement of Socialists or PS National Democratic Alternative or NADA (electoral coalition includes NDSS and POKS) New Communist Party of Yugoslavia or NKPJ New Democratic Party of Serbia or NDSS or New DSS (formerly Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS) New Face of Serbia or NLS Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDAS Party of Freedom and Justice or SSP Party of United Pensioners, Farmers, and Proletarians of Serbia – Solidarity and Justice or PUPS - Solidarity and Justice (formerly Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS) People's Movement of Serbia or NPS People's Movement of Serbs from Kosovo and Metohija or Fatherland People's Peasant Party or NSS Political Battle of the Albanians Continues Russian Party or RS Serbia Against Violence or SPN (electoral coalition includes DS, SSP, ZLF, Zajedno, NPS, PSG, EU, PZP, USS Sloga, NLS, Fatherland) Serbia Must Not Stop (electoral coalitions includes SNS, SDPS, PUPS, PSS, SNP, SPO, PS, NSS, USS) Serbian People's Party or SNP Serbian Progressive Party or SNS Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS Strength of Serbia or PSS Together or ZAJEDNO United Peasant Party or USS United Serbia or JS United Trade Unions of Serbia "Sloga" or USS Sloga We - The Voice from the People or MI-GIN

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission

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Ambassador Dragan &Scaron;UTANOVAC (since 24 July 2025)

chancery

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1333 16th Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20036

telephone

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[1] (202) 507-8654

FAX

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[1] (202) 332-3933

email address and website

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info@serbiaembusa.org http://www.washington.mfa.gov.rs/

consulate(s) general

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Chicago, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

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Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Alexander TITOLO (since January 2025)

embassy

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92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11040 Belgrade

mailing address

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5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070

telephone

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[381] (11) 706-4000

FAX

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[381] (11) 706-4481

email address and website

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belgradeacs@state.gov https://rs.usembassy.gov/

International organization participation

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BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

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note: Serbia is an EU candidate country and must complete accession criteria before being granted full membership

Independence

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5 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 1217 (Serbian Kingdom established); 16 April 1346 (Serbian Empire established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbian independence); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes established, later known as Yugoslavia)

National holiday

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Statehood Day, 15 February (1835), the day the first constitution of the country was adopted

Flag

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description: three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white; the national coat of arms is shifted to the left side; the principal field of the coat of arms displays a two-headed white eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle is divided into four quarters by a white cross; a royal crown is on top of the coat of arms meaning: red, blue, and white are the pan-Slav colors that represent freedom and revolutionary ideals; the eagle on a red shield represents the government; the smaller shield represents the country; the meaning and origin of the curved white symbols in each quarter are not clear

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note: the pan-Slav colors were inspired by Russia's flag

National symbol(s)

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white double-headed eagle

National color(s)

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red, blue, white

National anthem(s)

title

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"Boze pravde" (God of Justice)

lyrics/music

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Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO

history

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adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872, and the Serbian people have used it as an anthem in the 20th and 21st centuries

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites

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4 (all cultural)

selected World Heritage Site locales

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Stari Ras and Sopoćani; Studenica Monastery; Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius; Stećci Medieval Tombstone Graveyards

Economy

Economic overview

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upper middle-income Balkan economy; current EU accession candidate; hit by COVID-19; pursuing green growth development; manageable public debt; new anticorruption efforts; falling unemployment; historic Russian relations; energy import-dependent

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

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$177.093 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

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$170.482 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

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$164.166 billion (2022 est.)

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note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2024

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3.9% (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

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3.8% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2022

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2.6% (2022 est.)

note

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2024

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$26,900 (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

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$25,700 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2022

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$24,600 (2022 est.)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

GDP (official exchange rate)

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$89.084 billion (2024 est.)

note

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

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4.7% (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

text

12.4% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

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12% (2022 est.)

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note: annual % change based on consumer prices

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

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3.1% (2024 est.)

industry

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23.3% (2024 est.)

services

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58.5% (2024 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption

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62.7% (2024 est.)

government consumption

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17.8% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital

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23.6% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories

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2% (2024 est.)

exports of goods and services

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52.7% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services

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-58.8% (2024 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agricultural products

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maize, wheat, sugar beets, milk, sunflower seeds, soybeans, potatoes, barley, apples, plums (2023)

note

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries

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automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate

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2.9% (2024 est.)

note

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force

text

3.23 million (2024 est.)

note

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2024

text

7.4% (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

text

8.3% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2022

text

8.5% (2022 est.)

note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total

text

22.7% (2024 est.)

male

text

21.8% (2024 est.)

female

text

24.1% (2024 est.)

note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line

text

20% (2021 est.)

note

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022

text

32.8 (2022 est.)

note

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Average household expenditures

on food

text

24.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco

text

7.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%

text

2.4% (2022 est.)

highest 10%

text

24.7% (2022 est.)

note

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Remittances

Remittances 2023

text

7.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2022

text

8.5% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2021

text

6.9% of GDP (2021 est.)

note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Budget

revenues

text

$26.077 billion (2022 est.)

expenditures

text

$28.12 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Public debt

Public debt 2016

text

73.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

text

23.9% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Current account balance

Current account balance 2023

text

-$1.947 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2022

text

-$4.457 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2021

text

-$2.654 billion (2021 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports

Exports 2023

text

$44.352 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2022

text

$39.905 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2021

text

$34.035 billion (2021 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - partners

text

Germany 15%, Hungary 7%, Bosnia & Herzegovina 5%, Italy 5%, Romania 5% (2023)

note

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports - commodities

text

insulated wire, electricity, copper ore, plastic products, electric motors (2023)

note

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports

Imports 2023

text

$48.158 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2022

text

$47.395 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2021

text

$39.476 billion (2021 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - partners

text

Germany 12%, China 10%, Italy 7%, Turkey 5%, Hungary 5% (2023)

note

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports - commodities

text

crude petroleum, natural gas, packaged medicine, plastic products, cars (2023)

note

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

text

$30.484 billion (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

text

$27.569 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

text

$20.68 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt - external

Debt - external 2023

text

$21.726 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Exchange rates

Currency

text

Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2024

text

108.208 (2024 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

text

108.403 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

text

111.662 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

text

99.396 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

text

103.163 (2020 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

electrification - total population

text

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity

text

8.202 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption

text

34.413 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports

text

7.351 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports

text

5.395 billion kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

text

4.881 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels

text

65.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar

text

1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind

text

2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity

text

30.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

biomass and waste

text

0.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal

production

text

33.219 million metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption

text

37.828 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports

text

16,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports

text

4.542 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves

text

7.112 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production

text

13,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

text

88,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves

text

77.5 million barrels (2021 est.)

Natural gas

production

text

336.605 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

consumption

text

2.886 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports

text

2.471 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves

text

48.139 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

text

91.884 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions

text

2.485 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

text

37 (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions

text

8.53 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

text

124 (2021 est.)

Internet country code

text

.rs

Internet users

percent of population

text

85% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total

text

2.08 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

text

31 (2023 est.)

Transportation

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

text

Airports

text

46 (2025)

Heliports

text

11 (2025)

Railways

total

text

3,333 km (2020) 1,274 km electrified

Military and Security

Military and security forces

text

Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Army (aka Land Forces; includes Riverine Component, consisting of a naval flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces, Serbian Guard Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs: Police Directorate (2025)

note

note: the Serbian Guard is a brigade-sized unit that is directly subordinate to the Serbian Armed Forces Chief of General Staff; its duties include safeguarding key defense facilities and rendering military honors to top foreign, state, and military officials

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2024

text

2.5% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

text

2.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

text

2.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

text

2.2% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2020

text

2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths

text

approximately 25,000 active-duty Armed Forces (15,000 Land Forces; 5,000 Air/Air Defense; 5,000 other, including Serbian Guard) (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

text

the military's inventory consists of a mix of Soviet/Cold War-era and some more modern weapons systems from suppliers such as China, France, and Russia; Serbia has a defense industry focused on armored vehicles, artillery systems, and munitions (2025)

Military service age and obligation

text

18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished in 2011 (2025)

note

note: as of 2024, women made up about 11% of the military's full-time personnel

Military deployments

text

180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)

Military - note

text

the Serbian military is responsible for defense and deterrence against external threats, supporting international peacekeeping operations, and providing support to civil authorities for internal security; specific areas of concerns for the military include ethnic and religious extremism, separatism, and deepening international recognition of Kosovo; Serbia has cooperated with NATO since 2006, when it joined the Partnership for Peace program, and the military trains with NATO countries, particularly other Balkan states; Serbia has participated in EU peacekeeping missions, as well as missions under the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the UN; it traditionally has maintained close security ties with Russia and has a growing security relationship with China the modern Serbian military was established in 2006 but traces its origins back through World War II, World War I, the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, and the Bulgarian-Serb War of 1885 to the First (1804-1813) and Second (1815-1817) Uprisings against the Ottoman Empire (2025)

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees

text

36,270 (2024 est.)

IDPs

text

194,171 (2024 est.)

stateless persons

text

1,715 (2024 est.)