Isle of Man

Code: IM | Region: Europe

Introduction

Background

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The Isle of Man was part of the Norwegian Kingdom of the Hebrides until the 13th century, when it was ceded to Scotland. The isle came under English lordship in the 14th century before being purchased by the British Government in 1765. Current concerns include reviving the almost extinct Manx Gaelic language. The Isle of Man is a British Crown dependency, which makes it a self-governing possession of the British Crown that is not part of the UK. The UK Government, however, remains constitutionally responsible for its defense and international representation.

Geography

Location

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Western Europe, island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland

Geographic coordinates

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54 15 N, 4 30 W

Map references

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Europe

Area

total

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572 sq km

land

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572 sq km

water

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0 sq km

Area - comparative

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slightly more than three times the size of Washington, D.C.

Land boundaries

total

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0 km

Coastline

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160 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea

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12 nm

exclusive fishing zone

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12 nm

Climate

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temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about a third of the time

Terrain

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hills in north and south bisected by central valley

Elevation

highest point

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Snaefell 621 m

lowest point

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Irish Sea 0 m

Natural resources

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none

Land use

agricultural land

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69.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

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arable land: 41.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

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permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

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permanent pasture: 28% (2023 est.)

forest

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6.4% (2023 est.)

other

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24.5% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land

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0 sq km (2022)

Population distribution

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most people concentrated in cities and large towns; Douglas, in the southeast, is the largest

Natural hazards

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occasional high winds and rough seas

Geography - note

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one small islet, the Calf of Man, lies to the southwest and is a bird sanctuary

People and Society

Population

total

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92,666 (2025 est.)

male

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46,543

female

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46,123

Nationality

noun

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Manxman (men), Manxwoman (women)

adjective

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Manx

Ethnic groups

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White 94.7%, Asian 3.1%, Mixed 1%, Black 0.6%, other 0.4% (2021 est.)

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note: data represent population by nationality

Languages

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English, Manx Gaelic (about 2% of the population has some knowledge)

Religions

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Christian 54.7%, Muslim 0.5%, Buddhist 0.5%, Hindu 0.4%, Jewish 0.2%, none 43.8% (2021 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years

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16% (male 7,701/female 7,100)

15-64 years

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61.9% (male 29,035/female 28,044)

65 years and over

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22.1% (2024 est.) (male 9,595/female 10,794)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio

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62.4 (2025 est.)

youth dependency ratio

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25.9 (2025 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

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36.5 (2025 est.)

potential support ratio

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2.7 (2025 est.)

Median age

total

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45.1 years (2025 est.)

male

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43.7 years

female

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46.1 years

Population growth rate

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0.41% (2025 est.)

Birth rate

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10.25 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

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10.2 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Net migration rate

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4.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Population distribution

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most people concentrated in cities and large towns; Douglas, in the southeast, is the largest

Urbanization

urban population

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53.5% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization

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0.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population

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27,000 DOUGLAS (capital) (2018)

Sex ratio

at birth

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1.08 male(s)/female

0-14 years

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1.08 male(s)/female

15-64 years

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1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over

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0.89 male(s)/female

total population

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1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total

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4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

male

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4.4 deaths/1,000 live births

female

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3.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth

total population

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82.5 years (2024 est.)

male

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80.7 years

female

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84.4 years

Total fertility rate

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1.87 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

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0.9 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: total

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total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

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total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: total

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total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

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urban: NA

unimproved: rural

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rural: NA

unimproved: total

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total: 0% of population (2022 est.) NA

Environment

Environmental issues

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air pollution, marine pollution; waste disposal (both household and industrial)

Climate

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temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about a third of the time

Land use

agricultural land

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69.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

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arable land: 41.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

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permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

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permanent pasture: 28% (2023 est.)

forest

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6.4% (2023 est.)

other

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24.5% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

urban population

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53.5% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization

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0.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

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50,600 tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

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50% (2011 est.)

Government

Country name

conventional long form

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none

conventional short form

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Isle of Man

local long form

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Ellan Vannin

abbreviation

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I.O.M.

etymology

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the name "man" may be derived from the Gaelic word for "mountain;" the local name is from the words ellan, or "island," and Vannin, a form of the name Mannan

Government type

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parliamentary democracy (Tynwald)

Dependency status

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British crown dependency

Capital

name

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Douglas

geographic coordinates

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54 09 N, 4 29 W

time difference

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UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time

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+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

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the name comes from the Gaelic name Dubhghlais, or "black stream," referring to a nearby river; a second river was called Fionnghlais, or "white stream;" both river names were later shortened to Dhoo and Glass, respectively, which coincidentally comprised the elements of the town's name

Administrative divisions

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no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US government, but 24 local authorities each hold elections

Legal system

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UK laws apply, as well as Manx statutes

Constitution

history

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development of the Isle of Man constitution dates to at least the 14th century

amendment process

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proposed as a bill in the House of Keys, by the "Government," by a "Member of the House," or through petition to the House or Legislative Council; passage normally requires three separate readings and approval of at least 13 House members; following both House and Council agreement, assent is required by the lieutenant governor on behalf of the Crown

Citizenship

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see United Kingdom

Suffrage

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16 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state

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Lord of Mann King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Lieutenant Governor Sir John LORIMER (since 29 September 2021)

head of government

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Chief Minister Alfred CANNAN (since 12 October 2021)

cabinet

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Council of Ministers appointed by the lieutenant governor

election/appointment process

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the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister indirectly elected by the Tynwald for a 5-year term (eligible for second term)

most recent election date

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23 September 2021

election results

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2021: Alfred CANNAN (independent) elected chief minister; Tynwald House of Keys vote - 21 of 24 2016: Howard QUAYLE elected chief minister; Tynwald House of Keys vote - 21 of 33

expected date of next election

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2026

Legislative branch

legislature name

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Tynwald (High Court of Tynwald)

legislative structure

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bicameral

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note: Legislative Council includes the President of Tynwald, 2 non-voting members (the Lord Bishop of Sodor and Man and the attorney general), and 8 members indirectly elected by the House of Keys

Legislative branch - lower chamber

chamber name

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House of Keys

number of seats

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24 (directly elected)

electoral system

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plurality/majority

scope of elections

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full renewal

term in office

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5 years

most recent election date

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9/23/2021

parties elected and seats per party

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independent (21); Manx Labour Party (2); Liberal Vannin (1)

percentage of women in chamber

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40%

expected date of next election

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September 2026

Legislative branch - upper chamber

chamber name

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Legislative Council

number of seats

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11 (3 appointed, 8 indirectly elected)

scope of elections

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partial renewal

term in office

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4 years

most recent election date

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3/14/2023

percentage of women in chamber

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36.4%

expected date of next election

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March 2028

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

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Isle of Man High Court of Justice (consists of 3 permanent judges or "deemsters" and 1 judge of appeal; organized into the Staff of Government Division or Court of Appeal and the Civil Division); the Court of General Gaol Delivery (not formally part of the High Court but is administered as such) deals with serious criminal cases

judge selection and term of office

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deemsters appointed by the Lord Chancellor of England on the nomination of the lieutenant governor; deemsters can serve until age 70

subordinate courts

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High Court; Court of Summary Gaol Delivery; Summary Courts; Magistrate's Court; specialized courts

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note: appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)

Political parties

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Green Party Liberal Vannin Party or LVP Manx Labor Party

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note: most members sit as independents

Diplomatic representation in the US

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none (British crown dependency)

Diplomatic representation from the US

embassy

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none (British crown dependency)

International organization participation

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UPU

Independence

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none (British Crown dependency)

National holiday

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Tynwald Day, 5 July (1417); date Tynwald Day was first recorded

Flag

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description: red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (triskelion) in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; a two-sided emblem is used to allow the toes to point clockwise on both sides of the flag history: the flag is based on the coat of arms of the last recognized Norse King of Mann, MAGNUS III (r. 1252-65); the triskelion has its roots in an early Celtic sun symbol

National symbol(s)

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triskelion (a motif of three legs)

National color(s)

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red, white

National coat of arms

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Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom granted the Isle of Man’s coat of arms on July 12, 1996; the triskelion (three conjoined legs) on the shield represents resilience, resourcefulness, and hope; the Latin motto means “Wherever you throw it, it will stand,” a reference to the islanders’ ability to stand strong; the peregrine falcon represents the two falcons that the Isle of Man has paid to the UK monarch on Coronation Day since 1406, and the raven symbolizes the island’s former status as a Viking colony; the crown represents the UK monarch’s status as the Lord of Mann, although the island is self-governing

National anthem(s)

title

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"God Save the King"

lyrics/music

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unknown

history

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official anthem, as a British Crown dependency; played when the sovereign, members of the royal family, or the lieutenant governor are present

Economy

Economic overview

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high-income British island economy; known financial services and tourism industries; taxation incentives for technology and financial firms to operate; historic fishing and agriculture industries are declining; major online gambling and film industry locale

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2022

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-4.2% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2021

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3.8% (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2020

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-8.8% (2020 est.)

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note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

GDP (official exchange rate)

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$7.431 billion (2022 est.)

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note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

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0.4% (2022 est.)

industry

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6.9% (2022 est.)

services

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95.1% (2022 est.)

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note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agricultural products

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cereals, vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry

Industries

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financial services, light manufacturing, tourism

Industrial production growth rate

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-29.5% (2022 est.)

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note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Exports - partners

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almost entirely United Kingdom (2022)

Exports - commodities

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crude petroleum, artwork, vegetables, fruits, whiskies (2022)

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note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

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almost entirely United Kingdom (2022)

Imports - commodities

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ships, delivery trucks (2022)

Exchange rates

Currency

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Manx pounds (IMP) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2024

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0.782 (2024 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

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0.805 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

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0.811 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

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0.727 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

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0.78 (2020 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

electrification - total population

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100% (2022 est.)

Communications

Broadcast media

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national public radio has 3 FM stations and 1 AM station; 2 commercial  radio broadcasters; receives radio and TV services via relays from British TV and radio broadcasters

Internet country code

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.im

Transportation

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

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Airports

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4 (2025)

Heliports

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1 (2025)

Railways

total

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63 km (2008)

narrow gauge

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6 km (2008) 1.076-m gauge (6 km electrified)

note

57 0.914-mm gauge (29 km electrified) note: primarily summer tourist attractions

Merchant marine

total

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269 (2023)

by type

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bulk carrier 102, container ship 6, general cargo 27, oil tanker 56, other 78

Ports

total ports

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2 (2024)

large

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medium

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small

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very small

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ports with oil terminals

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key ports

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Douglas, Ramsey

Military and Security

Military - note

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defense is the responsibility of the UK