Indonesia

Code: ID | Region: East N Southeast Asia

Introduction

Background

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The archipelago was once largely under the control of Buddhist and Hindu rulers. By around the 7th century, a Buddhist kingdom arose on Sumatra and expanded into Java and the Malay Peninsula until it was conquered in the late 13th century by the Hindu Majapahit Empire from Java. Majapahit (1290-1527) united most of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. Traders introduced Islam around the 11th century, and the religion gradually expanded over the next 500 years. The Portuguese conquered parts of Indonesia in the 16th century, but the Dutch ousted them (except in East Timor) and began colonizing the islands in the early 17th century. It would be the early 20th century before Dutch colonial rule was established across the entirety of what would become the boundaries of the modern Indonesian state. Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 while the country's first direct presidential election occurred in 2004. Indonesia has since become a robust democracy, holding four direct presidential elections, each considered by international observers to have been largely free and fair. Indonesia is now the world's third-most-populous democracy and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. It has had strong economic growth since overcoming the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. By the 2020s, it had the largest economy in Southeast Asia, and its economy ranked in the world's top 10 in terms of purchasing power parity. It has also made considerable gains in reducing poverty. Although relations amongst its diverse population--there are more than 300 ethnic groups--have been harmonious in the 2000s, there have been areas of sectarian discontent and violence, as well as instances of religious extremism and terrorism. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005, but a separatist group in Papua continued to conduct a low-intensity conflict as of 2024.

Geography

Location

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Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates

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5 00 S, 120 00 E

Map references

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Southeast Asia

Area

total

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1,904,569 sq km

land

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1,811,569 sq km

water

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93,000 sq km

Area - comparative

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slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries

total

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2,958 km

border countries

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Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km

Coastline

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54,716 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea

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12 nm

exclusive economic zone

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200 nm

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note: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines

Climate

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tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain

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mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Elevation

highest point

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Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

lowest point

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Indian/Pacific Oceans 0 m

mean elevation

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367 m

Natural resources

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petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

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note: Indonesia is the World's leading producer of nickel with an output of 1.6 million mt in 2022

Land use

agricultural land

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29.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

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arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

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permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

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permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)

forest

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50.6% (2023 est.)

other

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20.3% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land

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67,220 sq km (2012)

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

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Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World

Major rivers (by length in km)

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Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Population distribution

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major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands, Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

Natural hazards

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occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world, with over 75 historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; in 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami that left more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

Geography - note

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note 1: 13,466 islands are in the archipelago, of which 922 are permanently inhabited; Indonesia is the world's largest country composed solely of islands; the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes, up to 90% of the world's earthquakes, and 80% of tsunamis note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon

People and Society

Population

total

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283,587,097 (2025 est.)

male

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141,778,977

female

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141,808,120

Nationality

noun

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Indonesian(s)

adjective

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Indonesian

Ethnic groups

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Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

Languages

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Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note - more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia

major-language sample(s)

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Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions

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Muslim 87.4%, Protestant 7.5%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.8% (includes Buddhist and Confucian) (2022 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years

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23.8% (male 34,247,218/female 32,701,367)

15-64 years

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68.3% (male 96,268,201/female 95,961,293)

65 years and over

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8% (2024 est.) (male 10,284,628/female 12,099,758)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio

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46.1 (2025 est.)

youth dependency ratio

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34.1 (2025 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

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12 (2025 est.)

potential support ratio

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8.3 (2025 est.)

Median age

total

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31.8 years (2025 est.)

male

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30.8 years

female

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32.3 years

Population growth rate

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0.7% (2025 est.)

Birth rate

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14.55 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

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6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Net migration rate

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-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Population distribution

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Urbanization

urban population

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58.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization

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1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population

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11.249 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.729 million Bekasi, 3.044 million Surabaya, 3.041 million Depok, 2.674 million Bandung, 2.514 million Tangerang (2023)

Sex ratio

at birth

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1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years

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1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years

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1 male(s)/female

65 years and over

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0.85 male(s)/female

total population

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1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

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22.4 years (2017 est.)

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note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Maternal mortality ratio

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140 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total

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18.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

male

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21.3 deaths/1,000 live births

female

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16.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth

total population

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73.6 years (2024 est.)

male

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71.3 years

female

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76 years

Total fertility rate

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1.93 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

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0.94 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban

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urban: 98.3% of population (2022 est.)

improved: rural

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rural: 88.3% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

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total: 94.1% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

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urban: 1.7% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

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rural: 11.7% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

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total: 5.9% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

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3.7% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

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8% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density

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0.52 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Hospital bed density

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1.4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban

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urban: 97.4% of population (2022 est.)

improved: rural

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rural: 91.1% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

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total: 94.7% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

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urban: 2.6% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

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rural: 8.9% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

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total: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

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6.9% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total

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0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer

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0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

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0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

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0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

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0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use

total

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39% (2025 est.)

male

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74.9% (2025 est.)

female

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3.1% (2025 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

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15.9% (2023 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

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70.3% (2022 est.)

Child marriage

women married by age 15

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2% (2017)

women married by age 18

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16.3% (2017)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)

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1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

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10.6% national budget (2025 est.)

Literacy

total population

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96% (2020 est.)

male

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97.4% (2020 est.)

female

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94.6% (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total

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13 years (2023 est.)

male

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13 years (2023 est.)

female

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13 years (2023 est.)

People - note

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Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the World after China, India, and the United States; more than half of the Indonesian population - roughly 150 million people or 55% - live on the island of Java (about the size of California) making it the most crowded island on earth

Environment

Environmental issues

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large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; air pollution from vehicle emissions; waste disposal; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage

International environmental agreements

party to

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Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

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Marine Life Conservation

Climate

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tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Land use

agricultural land

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29.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

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arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

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permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

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permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)

forest

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50.6% (2023 est.)

other

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20.3% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

urban population

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58.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization

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1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

total emissions

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829.655 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke

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527.923 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

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223.352 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas

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78.38 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

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18.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Methane emissions

energy

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3,621.7 kt (2022-2024 est.)

agriculture

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3,379.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)

waste

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4,200.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)

other

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165.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

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65.2 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

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15.2% (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

municipal

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23.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

industrial

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9.135 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

agricultural

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189.7 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total renewable water resources

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2.019 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Geoparks

total global geoparks and regional networks

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12 (2025)

global geoparks and regional networks

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Batur; Belitong; Ciletuh - Palabuhanratu; Gunung Sewu; Ijen; Kebumen; Maros Pangkep; Merangin Jambi; Meratus; Raja Ampat; Rinjani-Lombok; Toba Caldera (2025)

Government

Country name

conventional long form

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Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form

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Indonesia

local long form

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Republik Indonesia

local short form

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Indonesia

former

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Netherlands East Indies (Dutch East Indies), Netherlands New Guinea

etymology

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the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"

Government type

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presidential republic

Capital

name

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Jakarta

geographic coordinates

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6 10 S, 106 49 E

time difference

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UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

time zone note

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Indonesia has three time zones

etymology

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derives from the Sanscrit name Jayakarta, meaning "victory and prosperity;" Prince FATILLAH conquered and renamed the city, formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, in 1527

note

note: in 2022, the relocation of the country’s capital was approved, from Jakarta to a site on the island of Borneo between Samarinda City and the port city of Balikpapan; Nusantara ("archipelago"), the new capital, was in development as of 2024 and is expected to be completed in 2045

Administrative divisions

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35 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Papua Barat Daya (Southwest Papua), Papua Pegunungan (Papua Highlands), Papua Selatan (South Papua), Papua Tengah (Central Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**

Legal system

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civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

Constitution

history

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drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959

amendment process

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proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended

International law organization participation

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has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

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citizenship by descent only

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at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia

dual citizenship recognized

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residency requirement for naturalization

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5 continuous years

Suffrage

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17 years of age; universal; married persons regardless of age

Executive branch

chief of state

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President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)

head of government

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President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)

cabinet

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Cabinet appointed by the president

election/appointment process

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president and vice president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)

most recent election date

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14 February 2024

election results

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2024: PRABOWO Subianto elected president (assumes office 20 October 2024); percent of vote - PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 58.6%, Anies Rasyid BASWEDAN (Independent) 24.9%, GANJAR Pranowo (PDI-P) 16.5% 2019: Joko WIDODO reelected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%

expected date of next election

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2029

note

note: the president is both chief of state and head of government

Legislative branch

legislature name

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House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat)

legislative structure

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unicameral

number of seats

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580 (all directly elected)

electoral system

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proportional representation

scope of elections

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full renewal

term in office

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5 years

most recent election date

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2/14/2024

parties elected and seats per party

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Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle (PDI-P) (110); Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) (102); Great Indonesia Movement (Gerindra) (86); National Democratic Party (NasDem) (69); National Awakening Party (PKB) (68); Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) (53); National Mandate Party (PAN) (48); Democratic Party (PD) (44)

percentage of women in chamber

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21.9%

expected date of next election

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April 2029

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

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Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)

judge selection and term of office

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Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts

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High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

Political parties

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Democrat Party or PD Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P National Awakening Party or PKB National Democratic Party or NasDem National Mandate Party or PAN Prosperous Justice Party or PKS

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission

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Ambassador INDROYONO Soesilo (since 16 December 2025)

chancery

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2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone

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[1] (202) 775-5200

FAX

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[1] (202) 775-5236

email address and website

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washington.kbri@kemlu.go.id Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia, in Washington D.C., The United States of America (kemlu.go.id)

consulate(s) general

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Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

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Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Peter M. HAYMOND (since 15 June 2025)

embassy

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Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110

mailing address

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8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC  20521-8200

telephone

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[62] (21) 5083-1000

FAX

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[62] (21) 385-7189

email address and website

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jakartaacs@state.gov https://id.usembassy.gov/

consulate(s) general

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Surabaya

consulate(s)

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Medan

International organization participation

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ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Independence

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17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)

National holiday

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Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Flag

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description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white meaning: red stands for courage and white for purity history: the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries

note

note: similar to the flags of Monaco, which is shorter, and Poland, which is white (top) and red

National symbol(s)

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garuda (mythical bird)

National color(s)

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red, white

National anthem(s)

title

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"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)

lyrics/music

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Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN

history

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adopted 1945

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites

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10 (6 cultural, 4 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales

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Borobudur Temple Compounds (c); Komodo National Park (n); Prambanan Temple Compounds (c); Ujung Kulon National Park (n); Sangiran Early Man Site (c); Lorentz National Park (n); Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (n); Cultural Landscape of Bali Province (c); Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto (c); Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks (c)

Economy

Economic overview

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upper middle-income, largest and growing Southeast Asian economy; higher lending rates to moderate inflation; ongoing relocation of capital fueling infrastructure projects; major tourism sector prompting green economy goals

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

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$4.102 trillion (2024 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

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$3.906 trillion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

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$3.718 trillion (2022 est.)

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note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2024

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5% (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

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5% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2022

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5.3% (2022 est.)

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note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2024

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$14,500 (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

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$13,900 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2022

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$13,300 (2022 est.)

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note: data in 2021 dollars

GDP (official exchange rate)

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$1.396 trillion (2024 est.)

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note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

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3.7% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

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4.2% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

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1.6% (2021 est.)

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note: annual % change based on consumer prices

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

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12.6% (2024 est.)

industry

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39.3% (2024 est.)

services

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43.8% (2024 est.)

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note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption

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55.4% (2024 est.)

government consumption

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7.7% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital

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29.1% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories

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2.3% (2024 est.)

exports of goods and services

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22.2% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services

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-20.4% (2024 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agricultural products

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oil palm fruit, rice, sugarcane, maize, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, chicken, mangoes/guavas (2023)

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note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries

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petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism

Industrial production growth rate

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5.2% (2024 est.)

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note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force

text

143.144 million (2024 est.)

note

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2024

text

3.3% (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

text

3.4% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2022

text

3.5% (2022 est.)

note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total

text

13.1% (2024 est.)

male

text

13.2% (2024 est.)

female

text

13% (2024 est.)

note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line

text

9% (2024 est.)

note

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2024

text

34.9 (2024 est.)

note

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Average household expenditures

on food

text

33.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco

text

7.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%

text

3.5% (2024 est.)

highest 10%

text

28.8% (2024 est.)

note

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Remittances

Remittances 2024

text

1.1% of GDP (2024 est.)

Remittances 2023

text

1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2022

text

1% of GDP (2022 est.)

note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Budget

revenues

text

$182.658 billion (2023 est.)

expenditures

text

$204.739 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: central government revenues and expenditures (excluding grants and social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Public debt

Public debt 2022

text

45.34% of GDP (2022 est.)

note

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Taxes and other revenues

text

11.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Current account balance

Current account balance 2024

text

-$8.47 billion (2024 est.)

Current account balance 2023

text

-$2.042 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2022

text

$13.215 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports

Exports 2024

text

$300.868 billion (2024 est.)

Exports 2023

text

$291.287 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2022

text

$315.746 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - partners

text

China 24%, USA 9%, India 8%, Japan 8%, Singapore 5% (2023)

note

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports - commodities

text

coal, palm oil, iron alloys, lignite, garments (2023)

note

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports

Imports 2024

text

$279.419 billion (2024 est.)

Imports 2023

text

$262.694 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2022

text

$273.031 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - partners

text

China 29%, Singapore 8%, Japan 7%, USA 5%, Malaysia 5% (2023)

note

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports - commodities

text

refined petroleum, crude petroleum, plastics, vehicle parts/accessories, integrated circuits (2023)

note

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

text

$155.708 billion (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

text

$146.359 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

text

$137.222 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt - external

Debt - external 2023

text

$225.273 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Exchange rates

Currency

text

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2024

text

15,855.448 (2024 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

text

15,236.885 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

text

14,849.854 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

text

14,308.144 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

text

14,582.203 (2020 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

electrification - total population

text

100% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas

text

100%

electrification - rural areas

text

98.2%

Electricity

installed generating capacity

text

70.826 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption

text

356.135 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports

text

828.198 million kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

text

27.477 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels

text

82% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar

text

0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind

text

0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity

text

6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

geothermal

text

4.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

biomass and waste

text

6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal

production

text

783.453 million metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption

text

281.159 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports

text

519.23 million metric tons (2023 est.)

imports

text

16.935 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves

text

35.055 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production

text

865,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

text

1.645 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves

text

2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Natural gas

production

text

58.691 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

consumption

text

38.378 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

exports

text

20.989 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports

text

727.056 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves

text

1.408 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

text

37.39 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions

text

9.16 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

text

3 (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions

text

347 million (2024 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

text

123 (2024 est.)

Broadcast media

text

mix of about a dozen national TV networks, including 1 public broadcaster and the rest private; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; more than 700 radio stations, with over 650 privately operated (2019)

Internet country code

text

.id

Internet users

percent of population

text

69% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total

text

13.5 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

text

5 (2023 est.)

Transportation

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

text

Airports

text

556 (2025)

Heliports

text

53 (2025)

Railways

total

text

8,159 km (2014)

narrow gauge

text

8,159 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)

note

note: 4,816 km operational

Merchant marine

total

text

11,422 (2023)

by type

text

bulk carrier 160, container ship 219, general cargo 2,347, oil tanker 714, other 7,982

Ports

total ports

text

123 (2024)

large

text

medium

text

small

text

very small

text

ports with oil terminals

text

key ports

text

Belawan, Cilacap, Dumai, Jakarta, Kasim Terminal, Merak Mas Terminal, Palembang, Surabaya, Ujung Pandang

Military and Security

Military and security forces

text

Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat, TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut, TNI-AL; includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara, TNI-AU) Indonesian National Police (aka The State Police of the Republic of Indonesia or POLRI) Ministry of Transportation: Indonesia Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai Republik Indonesia, KPLP); Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs: Maritime Security Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia, Bakamla) (2025)

note

note 1: the National Police are an independent organization reporting directly to the president of Indonesia note 2: the KPLP ensures the safety of shipping inside the Indonesian Maritime Zone; the Bakamla conducts security and safety patrols in the territorial waters of Indonesia

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2024

text

0.8% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

text

0.8% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

text

0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

text

0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2020

text

0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths

text

approximately 400,000 active Armed Forces, including about 300,000 Army (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

text

the military's inventory is a mix of older and new weapons platforms from China, Russia, Europe, the US, and other countries; in recent years, major suppliers have included China, France, Germany, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the US; the TNI has been engaged in a modernization program for more than a decade; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries; it has jointly produced aircraft and naval vessels (2025)

Military service age and obligation

text

18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; upper age limits vary by military service, position, specialty; compulsory service authorized but not utilized (2025)

Military deployments

text

250 (plus about 170 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,225 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)

Military - note

text

the military is responsible for external defense, combatting separatism, and responding to national emergencies and natural disasters; in certain conditions it may provide operational support to police, such as for counterterrorism operations, maintaining public order, and addressing communal conflicts key operational priorities include an insurgency on Papua and the security of Indonesia's vast maritime domain; the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, has been fighting a low-level insurgency in Papua since Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony in the 1960s; maritime issues include piracy, transnational crime, illegal fishing, and incursions by People's Republic of China (PRC) vessels; Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within the PRC's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; over the past decade, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on and around the strategically located Natuna Islands (2025)

Space

Space agency/agencies

text

Indonesian Space Agency (INASA; formed 2022); National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN; established 2021); Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space (ORPA; formed 2021) (2025)

Space program overview

text

focuses largely on rocket development and satellite acquisition/operation; manufactures remote sensing (RS) satellites; has a sounding (research) rocket program to develop an orbital satellite launch vehicle (SLV); researching and developing a range of other space-related technologies related to satellite payloads, communications, RS, and astronomy; has relations with several foreign space agencies and industries, including those of France, Germany, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the US; national space program includes building up the country's private space sector (2025)

Key space-program milestones

text

1964 - launched first sounding rocket (Kartika) 1976 - first communications satellite (Palapa A1) built and launched by US 2005 - re-started sounding rocket program with goal of producing a satellite launch vehicle (SLV) 2007 - first remote sensing (RS) satellite (LAPAN-A1) built by Germany and launched by India 2015 - first domestically produced RS satellite (LAPAN-A2) launched by India 2023-2024 - two communications satellites (SATRIA-1 and Merah Putih 2) to provide high-speed internet access across the Indonesian archipelago built by European company and launched by US

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s)

text

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah

note

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees

text

11,964 (2024 est.)

IDPs

text

95,521 (2024 est.)

stateless persons

text

2,643 (2024 est.)