The Bahamas

Code: BF | Region: Central America N Caribbean

Introduction

Background

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Lucayan Indians inhabited the Bahama islands when Christopher COLUMBUS first set foot in the New World in 1492. British settlement of the islands began in 1647; the islands became a colony in 1783. Piracy thrived in the 17th and 18th centuries because of The Bahamas' close proximity to shipping lanes. Since gaining independence from the UK in 1973, The Bahamas has prospered through tourism, international banking, and investment management, which comprise up to 85% of GDP. Because of its proximity to the US -- the nearest Bahamian landmass is only 80 km (50 mi) from Florida -- the country is a major transshipment point for illicit trafficking to the US mainland, as well as to Europe. US law enforcement agencies cooperate closely with The Bahamas; the Drug Enforcement Administration, US Coast Guard, and US Customs and Border Protection assist Bahamian authorities with maritime security and law enforcement through Operation Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, or OPBAT.

Geography

Location

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chain of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Florida, northeast of Cuba; note - although The Bahamas does not border the Caribbean Sea, geopolitically it is often designated as a Caribbean nation

Geographic coordinates

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24 15 N, 76 00 W

Map references

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Central America and the Caribbean

Area

total

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13,880 sq km

land

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10,010 sq km

water

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3,870 sq km

Area - comparative

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slightly smaller than Connecticut

Land boundaries

total

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0 km

Coastline

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3,542 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea

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12 nm

exclusive economic zone

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200 nm

Climate

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tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream

Terrain

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long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills

Elevation

highest point

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1.3 km NE of Old Bight on Cat Island 64 m

lowest point

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Atlantic Ocean 0 m

Natural resources

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salt, aragonite, timber, arable land

Land use

agricultural land

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1.3% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

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arable land: 0.8% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

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permanent crops: 0.3% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

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permanent pasture: 0.2% (2023 est.)

forest

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50.9% (2023 est.)

other

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47.8% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land

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10 sq km (2012)

Population distribution

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most of the population lives in urban areas, with two thirds living on New Providence Island where Nassau is located

Natural hazards

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hurricanes and other tropical storms cause extensive flood and wind damage

Geography - note

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strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island chain of which 30 are inhabited

People and Society

Population

total

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415,306 (2025 est.)

male

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192,055

female

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223,251

Nationality

noun

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Bahamian(s)

adjective

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Bahamian

Ethnic groups

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African descent 90.6%, White 4.7%, mixed 2.1%, other 1.9%, unspecified 0.7% (2010 est.)

note

note: data represent population by racial group

Languages

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English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)

Religions

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Protestant 69.9% (includes Baptist 34.9%, Anglican 13.7%, Pentecostal 8.9% Seventh Day Adventist 4.4%, Methodist 3.6%, Church of God 1.9%, Plymouth Brethren 1.6%, other Protestant 0.9%), Roman Catholic 12%, other Christian 13% (includes Jehovah's Witness 1.1%), other 0.6%, none 1.9%, unspecified 2.6% (2010 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years

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21.4% (male 41,675/female 46,363)

15-64 years

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70% (male 132,626/female 154,866)

65 years and over

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8.6% (2024 est.) (male 15,799/female 19,533)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio

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43.2 (2025 est.)

youth dependency ratio

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30.2 (2025 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

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13 (2025 est.)

potential support ratio

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7.7 (2025 est.)

Median age

total

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31.1 years (2025 est.)

male

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30.6 years

female

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30.7 years

Population growth rate

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1.08% (2025 est.)

Birth rate

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13.1 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

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5.44 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Net migration rate

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3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Population distribution

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most of the population lives in urban areas, with two thirds living on New Providence Island where Nassau is located

Urbanization

urban population

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83.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization

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1.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population

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280,000 NASSAU (capital) (2018)

Sex ratio

at birth

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1.03 male(s)/female

0-14 years

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0.9 male(s)/female

15-64 years

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0.86 male(s)/female

65 years and over

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0.81 male(s)/female

total population

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0.86 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

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76 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total

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9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

male

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10.5 deaths/1,000 live births

female

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8.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth

total population

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76.7 years (2024 est.)

male

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75.1 years

female

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78.4 years

Total fertility rate

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1.45 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

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0.71 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: total

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total: 98.9% of population

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

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7.1% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

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15.8% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density

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1.9 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

Hospital bed density

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2.7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

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31.6% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total

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9.48 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer

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3.66 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

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1.43 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

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4.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

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0.31 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use

total

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10.8% (2025 est.)

male

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20.8% (2025 est.)

female

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1.9% (2025 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)

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2.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

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10.6% national budget (2025 est.)

Environment

Environmental issues

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coral reef decay; solid waste disposal

International environmental agreements

party to

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Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

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none of the selected agreements

Climate

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tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream

Land use

agricultural land

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1.3% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

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arable land: 0.8% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

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permanent crops: 0.3% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

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permanent pasture: 0.2% (2023 est.)

forest

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50.9% (2023 est.)

other

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47.8% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

urban population

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83.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization

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1.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

total emissions

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2.99 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke

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2,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

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2.966 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas

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23,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

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5.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

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264,000 tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

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24.9% (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

municipal

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31 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total renewable water resources

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700 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Government

Country name

conventional long form

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Commonwealth of The Bahamas

conventional short form

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The Bahamas

etymology

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name may be derived from the Spanish baha mar, meaning "low sea," which describes the shallow waters of the Bahama Banks; alternatively, it may be a form of the local name Guanahani, which is of unknown origin and meaning

Government type

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parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm

Capital

name

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Nassau

geographic coordinates

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25 05 N, 77 21 W

time difference

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UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time

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+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November

etymology

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named after King WILLIAM III of England (1650-1702), who was a member of the House of Orange-Nassau

Administrative divisions

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31 districts; Acklins Islands, Berry Islands, Bimini, Black Point, Cat Island, Central Abaco, Central Andros, Central Eleuthera, City of Freeport, Crooked Island and Long Cay, East Grand Bahama, Exuma, Grand Cay, Harbour Island, Hope Town, Inagua, Long Island, Mangrove Cay, Mayaguana, Moore's Island, North Abaco, North Andros, North Eleuthera, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, San Salvador, South Abaco, South Andros, South Eleuthera, Spanish Wells, West Grand Bahama

Legal system

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common-law system based on the English model

Constitution

history

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previous 1964 (pre-independence); latest adopted 20 June 1973, effective 10 July 1973

amendment process

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proposed as an "Act" by Parliament; passage of amendments to articles such as the organization and composition of the branches of government requires approval by at least two-thirds majority of the membership of both houses of Parliament and majority approval in a referendum; passage of amendments to constitutional articles such as fundamental rights and individual freedoms, the powers, authorities, and procedures of the branches of government, or changes to the Bahamas Independence Act 1973 requires approval by at least three-fourths majority of the membership of both houses and majority approval in a referendum

International law organization participation

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has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

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citizenship by descent only

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at least one parent must be a citizen of The Bahamas

dual citizenship recognized

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residency requirement for naturalization

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6-9 years

Suffrage

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18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state

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King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor-General Cynthia A. PRATT (since 1 September 2023)

head of government

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Prime Minister Philip Edward DAVIS (since 17 September 2021)

cabinet

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Cabinet appointed by governor-general on recommendation of prime minister

election/appointment process

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the monarchy is hereditary; governor-general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the governor-general appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; the prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister

Legislative branch

legislature name

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Parliament

legislative structure

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bicameral

note

note: Parliament sits for 5 years from the date of the last general election: the government may dissolve the parliament and call elections at any time

Legislative branch - lower chamber

chamber name

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House of Assembly

number of seats

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39 (all directly elected)

electoral system

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plurality/majority

scope of elections

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full renewal

term in office

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5 years

most recent election date

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9/16/2021

parties elected and seats per party

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Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) (32); Free National Movement (FNM) (7)

percentage of women in chamber

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17.9%

expected date of next election

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September 2026

Legislative branch - upper chamber

chamber name

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Senate

number of seats

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16 (all appointed)

scope of elections

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full renewal

term in office

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5 years

most recent election date

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10/6/2021

percentage of women in chamber

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31.3%

expected date of next election

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October 2026

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

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Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and 6 justices, organized in 3-member panels); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 19 justices)

judge selection and term of office

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Court of Appeal president and Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister after consultation with the leader of the opposition party; other Court of Appeal and Supreme Court justices appointed by the governor general upon recommendation of the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, a 5-member body headed by the chief justice; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement normally at age 68 but can be extended until age 70; Supreme Court justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement normally at age 65 but can be extended until age 67

subordinate courts

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Industrial Tribunal; Magistrates' Courts; Family Island Administrators (can also serve as magistrates)

note

note: The Bahamas is a member of the 15-member Caribbean Community but is not party to the agreement establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice as its highest appellate court; the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) serves as the final court of appeal for The Bahamas

Political parties

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Coalition of Independents Party or COI Democratic National Alliance or DNA Free National Movement or FNM Progressive Liberal Party or PLP

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission

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Ambassador Wendall Kermith JONES (since 19 April 2022)

chancery

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600 New Hampshire Ave NW, Suite 530, Washington, DC 20037

telephone

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[1] (202) 319-2660

FAX

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[1] (202) 319-2668

email address and website

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embassy@bahamasembdc.org https://www.bahamasembdc.org/

consulate(s) general

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Atlanta, Miami, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

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Ambassador Herschel WALKER (since 9 December 2025)

embassy

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42 Queen Street, Nassau

mailing address

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3370 Nassau Place, Washington, DC 20521-3370

telephone

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[1] (242) 322-1181

FAX

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[1] (242) 356-7174

email address and website

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acsnassau@state.gov https://bs.usembassy.gov/

International organization participation

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ACP, ACS, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Petrocaribe, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Independence

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10 July 1973 (from the UK)

National holiday

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Independence Day, 10 July (1973)

Flag

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description: three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the left side meaning: the band colors represent the islands' golden beaches surrounded by the aquamarine sea; black stands for the vigor and force of a united people, and the triangle for the people's enterprise and determination

National symbol(s)

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blue marlin, flamingo, yellow elderflower

National color(s)

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aquamarine, yellow, black

National coat of arms

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the motto on the Bahamas coat of arms is “Forward, Upward, Onward Together;” the flamingo and marlin supporting the shield are national animals that represent respectively the land and sea; the pink conch shell symbolizes the marine life of the islands, and the green palm fronds represent the natural vegetation; the Santa Maria, Christopher Columbus’s flagship, also appears; the sun signifies the world-famous climate and the bright future of the islands

National anthem(s)

title

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"God Save the King"

lyrics/music

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unknown

history

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royal anthem, as a Commonwealth country

Economy

Economic overview

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high-income tourism and financial services economy; major income inequality; strong US bilateral relations; several tax relief programs; targeted investment in agriculture, energy, light manufacturing, and technology industries

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

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$14.544 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

text

$14.069 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

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$13.653 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2024

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3.4% (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

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3% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2022

text

10.9% (2022 est.)

note

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2024

text

$36,200 (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

text

$35,200 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2022

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$34,300 (2022 est.)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

GDP (official exchange rate)

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$15.833 billion (2024 est.)

note

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

text

0.4% (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

text

3.1% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

text

5.6% (2022 est.)

note

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

text

0.5% (2024 est.)

industry

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9.6% (2024 est.)

services

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77.2% (2024 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption

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64.3% (2024 est.)

government consumption

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12.9% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital

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25.7% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories

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1.1% (2024 est.)

exports of goods and services

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37.8% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services

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-41.5% (2024 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agricultural products

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sugarcane, grapefruits, vegetables, bananas, tomatoes, chicken, tropical fruits, oranges, coconuts, mangoes/guavas (2023)

note

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries

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tourism, banking, oil bunkering, maritime industries, transshipment and logistics, salt, aragonite, pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate

text

12.5% (2024 est.)

note

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force

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237,100 (2024 est.)

note

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2024

text

8.5% (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

text

8.7% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2022

text

9.3% (2022 est.)

note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total

text

17.8% (2024 est.)

male

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17.8% (2024 est.)

female

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17.8% (2024 est.)

note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Remittances

Remittances 2024

text

0.4% of GDP (2024 est.)

Remittances 2023

text

0.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2022

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0.4% of GDP (2022 est.)

note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Budget

revenues

text

$2.855 billion (2023 est.)

expenditures

text

$3.389 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Public debt

Public debt 2023

text

73.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

note

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Taxes and other revenues

text

16.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Current account balance

Current account balance 2024

text

-$1.053 billion (2024 est.)

Current account balance 2023

text

-$1.069 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2022

text

-$1.233 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports

Exports 2024

text

$6.771 billion (2024 est.)

Exports 2023

text

$6.011 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2022

text

$5.425 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - partners

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USA 36%, Zimbabwe 16%, Cote d'Ivoire 14%, Germany 8%, Guyana 8% (2023)

note

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports - commodities

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refined petroleum, ships, aluminum, shellfish, plastics (2023)

note

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports

Imports 2024

text

$7.069 billion (2024 est.)

Imports 2023

text

$6.273 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2022

text

$5.843 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - partners

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USA 60%, Germany 13%, China 5%, Japan 3%, Brazil 2% (2023)

note

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports - commodities

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refined petroleum, ships, aircraft, cars, crude petroleum (2023)

note

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

text

$2.512 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

text

$2.609 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021

text

$2.433 billion (2021 est.)

note

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Exchange rates

Currency

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Bahamian dollars (BSD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2024

text

1 (2024 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

text

1 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

text

1 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

text

1 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

text

1 (2020 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

electrification - total population

text

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity

text

608,000 kW (2023 est.)

consumption

text

2.036 billion kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

text

10 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels

text

99.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar

text

0.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal

imports

text

600 metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption

text

20,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

text

14.13 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports

text

14.13 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

text

104.409 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions

text

93,100 (2024 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

text

23 (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions

text

388,000 (2024 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

text

97 (2024 est.)

Broadcast media

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4 major TV providers; 1 TV station is operated by government-owned, commercially run Broadcasting Corporation of the Bahamas (BCB) and competes with 4 privately owned TV stations; multi-channel cable TV subscription service is widely available; 32 licensed broadcast (radio) service providers, with 31 privately owned FM radio stations; the BCB operates a multi-channel radio network with national coverage; the sector is regulated by the Utilities Regulation and Competition Authority (2019)

Internet country code

text

.bs

Internet users

percent of population

text

95% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total

text

95,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

text

24 (2023 est.)

Transportation

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

text

Airports

text

54 (2025)

Heliports

text

9 (2025)

Merchant marine

total

text

1,274 (2023)

by type

text

bulk carrier 345, container ship 39, general cargo 58, oil tanker 193, other 639

Ports

total ports

text

6 (2024)

large

text

medium

text

small

text

very small

text

ports with oil terminals

text

key ports

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Clifton Pier, Cockburn Town, Freeport, Matthew Town, Nassau, South Riding Point

Military and Security

Military and security forces

text

Royal Bahamas Defense Force (RBDF): includes land, air, maritime elements; Royal Bahamas Police Force (RBPF) (2025)

note

note: the RBPF maintains internal security; both the RBDF and the RBPF, as well as the Department of Corrections, report to the Minister of National Security

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2024

text

0.7% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

text

0.8% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

text

0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

text

0.9% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2020

text

0.9% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths

text

approximately 1,500-1,800 active RBDF (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

text

most of the RBDF's major equipment inventory has been acquired from the Netherlands or the US (2025)

Military service age and obligation

text

18-30 years of age for voluntary service for men and women (18-60 for Reserves); no conscription (2025)

Military - note

text

the RBDF was established in 1980; its primary responsibilities are maritime security and safeguarding the territorial integrity of the Bahamas, providing disaster relief and humanitarian assistance, and supporting internal law and order in cooperation with other law enforcement agencies; the RBDF is a naval force with a few light aircraft, coastal patrol craft, and patrol boats, as well as a lightly-armed marine infantry/commando squadron for base and internal security; the RBDF has training relationships with the UK and the US (2025)

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees

text

30 (2024 est.)

IDPs

text

30 (2024 est.)

Illicit drugs

USG identification

text

major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit country (2025)